Discolored Teeth

A discolored tooth is often a dead tooth. It is important to get these teeth examined by your veterinarian. These teeth require extraction or a root cancl in order to prevent it from forming an abscess (infection).

Is Your Pet Ignoring You?

If your dog chooses to ignore you when you call their name, it could be because they associate their name with a punishment. Think about the last time your dog toileted in the house or did something bad. Did you call him/her by their name before scolding them?

This is just one reason for why your pet may not come to their name. But, it’s not too late to re-train them.

Over the next few weeks, practice calling your pet enthusiastically followed by the word “Come!”. As soon as your pet runs towards you, call out praise such as “Good Boy/Girl!” and reward with a big hug. Try this in a confined area first before using it in open areas.

Things to Consider Before You Get a Dog

Choosing the right dog for you is a step that shouldn't be taken lightly.
• If you are considering a pedigree, consult with your veterinarian, animal behaviorist, or responsible breeder to learn about suitable breeds of dogs for your household.
• Dogs with histories of aggression are inappropriate in households with children.
• If a child is fearful or apprehensive about a dog and, delay acquiring a dog.
• Always spend time with a dog before buying or adopting it.
• Introduce a dog to a home with extreme caution. Never leave a child alone with a
dog.
• Spay/neuter all dogs unless planning to breed with them
• Do not play aggressive games with your dog such as chasing, wrestling
• Socialize and train any dog entering the household.
• Teach the dog basic behaviours such as “sit”, “stay”, relax”, “come” Promote
submissive behaviors such as rolling over to expose abdomen and relinquishing food
without growling
• Immediately seek professional advice from veterinarians, animal behaviorists, or
responsible breeders if your dog shows any aggressive or fearful behaviour.
• Avoid buying a puppy from a pet shop as most the time the history of the pet is unknown.
• Avoid buying a dog that was advertise in the paper.
• A registered pedigree will always have papers and are printed on official paper.
• Ensure your puppy comes with an official vaccination record by the veterinarian

How to introduce a new cat to the household

Just like us, cats have their own unique personality. It’s important to introduce them slowly to a new household to avoid any unwanted drama. As in the wild, new cats are not welcomed and are often chased away. They can gain acceptance through gradually moving closer to the pack in a non-threatening manner.

Tips for introducing a new cat:
1. Don’t let them meet at first
2. Confine the new cat to a room to get to know the smells of the house
3. Rotate the rooms so each cat gets to learn of the new cat
4. Allow them to then listen to each other through a door
5. After a week, slowly introduce them for small periods of time

Any unwanted behavior such as hissing or growling means you start all over again until they finally approve of each other. They may not even be the best of friends, but they may be able to tolerate each other.

Tips for Flying with Pets

Traveling pets has become increasingly popular. With the introduction of pet-specific airlines, it is important for us to know how to prepare our pet for safe air travel.

• Restrict food for 12 hours before a flight
• Provide only small amounts of water
• Exercise your pet just before the flight
• Train the pet to see the crate as a positive experience by allowing it to sleep in there at home, giving praise and treats
• Use puppy pads or small litter box for the trip to help with any accidents
• Stay as calm as possible to your pet doesn’t pick up on your concerns

How to Select a Crate

There are many different types of dog crates to service every need: big or small, solid or collapsing, hard-wearing or light-weight, large for roaming around or compact for travel.

When looking for a new dog crate its important to consider the following:
• Is your dog big or small?
• Will you be traveling with the crate?
• How sociable is your dog?
• What is the budget?
• Does your pet chew?

Clicker Training

Clicker training is widely used by behaviorists and trainers. It was originally used for the training of dolphins and is based on positive reinforcement methods. The sound of the clicker or whistle immediately after a good behavior acts as positive reinforcement. The clicker can then be followed by hugs or a treat.

This type of training can be used for all ages. The younger the pet the quicker they will become accustomed to the clicker.

Consult your veterinarian or behavior specialist to see if this is ideal for your pet.

Further information at

Dog Parks

A dog park is a great place for dogs to socialize and exercise. They usually have wide-open spaces, climbing structures, eating areas, tubes and occasionally a beach.

When considering a dog park ensure:
• Your dog is up to date with all vaccinations including the annual kennel cough vaccine
• Your pet is well socialized with other dogs, people, children and bikes
• Your pet does not have any injuries that could be exacerbated by running around or chasing e.g. arthritis, old cruciate repair.

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Cool Games in the Sun

A perfect time to bond with your pet is when the sun is out. But, it is important to ensure that your pets stay cool.

Here are some tips:
• Wading Pools: create a shallow wading pool for your pet to play in.
• Frozen Treats: Dogs often like to play with ice blocks. For those fussy pets,
add a bit of chicken or beef stock before freezing them.
• Kong Fun: Add some frozen treats to the Kong and watch your pet play for hours
• Beach or Lake Fun: go swimming in the water and bring along a pet lifejacket for
those pets that are not the best at swimming

And don’t forget the sunscreen! Pet sunscreen are often the best protection and important to put on the nose and ears. Avoid human sunscreen as they can be toxic if ingested. Peaked hats are also a good option.

Why Our Pets Should Be Desexed

Surgical desexing or neutering involves the removal of the male or female reproductive organs so that they can no longer have puppies or kittens. The female procedure is referred to as a spey (spay) and the male procedure is referred to as a castration.

Desexing is highly recommended around the age of 6 months because:
• It prevents unwanted pregnancies
• It reduces the risk of some cancers
• It prevents life threatening infections in females such as the pyometra (uterine infection)
• It reduces unwanted behaviours that can occur in male dogs e.g. inappropriate urinating, aggression

Pre-Anaesthetic Blood Testing

Anaesthetics have come a long way in terms of safety and recovery times. However, it is not without risk. As our pets are unable to tell us whether they are unwell, the veterinarian relies on the blood test to give us clues as to what is going on. Anaesthetic protocols can be altered according results.

The blood test can test for various problems such as diabetes, kidney or liver failure, thyroid problems and anemia.

It is essential in older dogs (> 7 years) that blood testing is done annually and prior to anaesthetics so that any problems are picked up early.

Finding the Right Vet for your Pet

The right veterinarian is one that will take time to get to know you and your pet. They focus on preventive medicine and education. Recommendations from friends, neighbours, family and animal shelters are a good place to start.

When you call to set up a visit, always enquire about:
• Office hours
• Emergency care
• Fees and payment
• Services
• Specialties or Special interests
• Staff
• Hospital tours
• Veterinarians and whether you will see the same vet each time or will it change

Important Socialization for your Puppy

Socialization is an extremely important aspect of raising a happy dog. It is important to expose our dog to many different positive experiences with humans, animals and different environments. Intense socialization should occur from the time you adopt them until 14 weeks of age. Socialization continues throughout adulthood too.

Puppies should be exposed to positive people experiences with infants, the elderly, people with physical disabilities (wheelchairs, walking sticks), and people with facial hair, glasses and hats, people who ride bikes, jog or skateboard, people with umbrellas or in uniform.

Puppies should be exposed to positive animal experiences wish dogs of all sizes, ages, appearances, cats, rabbits, sheep, horses.

Puppies should be exposed to positive environmental experiences with the television, vacuum, the car, traffic, veterinary hospitals and washing machine.

A well-adjusted puppy that has been exposed to all these people, animal and environment experiences will be a happy puppy.

House Soiling - Cats

House soiling is one of the most common causes for complaint by cat owners. There are many medical reasons for why this may occur including:
• Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease
• Diabetes
• Kidney Disease
• Hyperthyroidism

If your veterinarian determines your cat to be healthy, it is important to look at other reasons for this behavioural problem, such as:
• Litter problems
• Poor location of litter box i.e. hallway, walkway - choose a secluded area
• New Pets – have you introduced a new pet? intercat aggression?
• New Neighbors – are there new pets in the neighborhood or stray cats that are scaring your cat?

Cats are extremely sensitive. Any change in routine or to the environment can cause them to stress. House soiling is just one example of how cats show they are stressed. Here are some tips on how to prepare your cat for change,
click here

Diabetes in cats and dogs

According to Abbott Animal Health, 1.4 million dogs and cats have diabetes in the US. Diabetes is a complex disease that requires exceptional veterinary and home care in order to achieve a stable patient.

Predisposing Factors:
Dogs:
• Genetics
• Immune mediated problems
• Pancreas problems
• Obesity
• Kidney disease
• Urinary tract problems

Cats:
• Obesity
• High carbohydrate diet
• Inactivity
• Pancreas problems
• Kidney disease
• Heart disease
• Genetics (e.g. Burmese)

Treatment often requires numerous types of lifestyle changes such as medical and dietary changes. Regular visits to the veterinarian, blood tests and urine tests are required.

Tips for Handling an Injured Pet

If your pet is injured or you come across an injured pet, it’s important to know the basics of handling in order to prevent harm to yourself and further harm to your pet. Even the most gentle of pets can be unpredictable when in pain.

• Call your veterinarian immediately to explain the situation
• If you suspect a fracture, muzzle your pet
• If your pet is vomiting, do not use a muzzle
• If you are unable to get your pet into a carrier, use a thick blanket as a stretcher to carry your pet into the car

Atopy - Inhaled Allergens

Atopy refers to allergies in pets that are caused by inhaled allergens. It is often diagnosed between 6 months and 3 years of age. And characterized by itchy feet, face, ears, belly and under arms.

Common breeds
• Shar Peis
• Fox Terriers
• Golden Retrievers
• Dalmations
• Boxers
• Boston Terriers
• Labrador Retrievers
• Lhasa Apsos
• Scottish Terriers
• Shih Tzus
• West Highland White Terriers

Diagnosis is based on:
• history
• physical exam
• ruling out food allergies
• parasites
• ruling out contact allergies

Control
1. Avoidance of allergen
2. Symptomatic therapy (anti-histamines, corticosteroids etc)
3. Desensitization from allergy testing and shots

Joint Disease in Cats

Osteoarthritis is a form of joint disease in cats. It affects cats of all ages but predominantly cats >10 years.

Signs:
• Inappropriate toileting
• Decreased grooming and poor coat
• Reluctance to jump
• Sleeping more
• Withdrawing from human interaction
• Hiding
• Decreased appetite

If your cat is showing any of these signs, seek veterinary attention.

Is Your Pet Afraid of a Storm?

It’s not uncommon for pets to be afraid of a storm. Dogs can hide, try to escape or show destructive behavior. Panting, pacing, trembling, increased salivation, barking, indoor toileting and self-trauma are signs of distress.

Treatment options:
1. Medical
a. Depending on the age and health of your pet, veterinarians can prescribe low dose anti-anxiety medications.

2. Behavioral
a. Do not reward distressed behavior
b. Engage in fun activity during a storm
c. Desensitize your pet to storm noises through the use of CDs from a young age

3. Environmental
a. Take your dog into a room that blocks any storm visuals or audios

Treadmill Therapy

Treadmill therapy is becoming increasingly popular at veterinary hospitals as a way to enhance rehabilitation, provide pain relief, facilitate muscle relaxation, and provide cardiovascular endurance in a buoyant environment.

Indications:
• Early return to function
• Improve muscle strength
• Improve range of motion
• Athletic conditioning
• Weight management

Contraindications:
• Pets that are fearful of water
• Pets that have heart or lung disease
• Some spinal injuries
• Pets with open wounds or sutures

How to Stop Puppy Biting

It is normal for puppies to bite as they often use their mouth to explore and play. Biting is considered an undesirable behavior and can be prevented through appropriate training. Physical correction should never be used as this can result in fear and aggression.

Always get your puppy checked first to ensure that there is no medical reason for their biting.

Tips:
• Teach your pup basic commands such as sit, stay and come
• Exercise your pup in a set routine
• Avoid wrestling and rough play
• Frequently leash-walk your pet (ensure all vaccinations are up-to-date)
• Provide chew toys
• Isolate the pup when it starts to play bite
• Reward your pup for good, calm behavior
• Enroll your pup into puppy classes from 6-14 weeks of age

Poisonous Palms

The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center has recently seen an increase in reports of Palm plant poisonings in dogs. The Sago of Cycad palms are decorative indoor plants often found in households in tropical areas. The seeds contain the most toxins, but the leaves, stem and roots are also toxic and can cause severe gastrointestinal problems in dogs, sheep, cattle and humans.

Signs of poisoning:
• Vomiting
• Inappetence
• Depression
• Diarrhea
• Seizures
• Liver failure

If you have these plants, ensure they are in areas out of reach of pets. If you are concerned your pet may have ingested this plant, seek veterinary attention immediately.

Deadly Parvo

Parvo is a severe gastrointestinal disorder that can affect dogs, but predominantly puppies. It is highly contagious and contracted through contaminated feces. The reason is can become such a problem is that the virus itself is highly resistant and can remain in the environment such as parks, malls, boarding kennels, for any unprotected pet.

Clinical Signs Include:
• Vomiting
• Severe, bloody diarrhea
• Depression or lethargy
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting and diarrhea
• Death as quick as 48-72 hours after onset of signs

As with most infectious disease, prevention is better than treatment. Highly effective vaccines exist for dogs starting from a pup at 6 weeks of age, every 3 weeks up to 16 weeks of age. They will then need continued protection with a vaccination one year later and every three years after that.

Ear Infections

Common Causes:
1. Yeast
2. Food Allergies
3. Fox tails/Grass Seeds
4. Parasites - mites (demodex), fleas, ticks
5. Hypothyroidism

Presdipositions
1. Narrow ear canal e.g. Shar Peis
2. Defective drainage
3. Ear Conformation
4. Self Trauma - dog or cat scratching at it or rough cleaning
5. over treatment
6. obstruction e.g. tumour or polyp

Safety Tips When Exercising Your Pet

• Check with your local veterinarian to choose which exercise is right for your pet
• Always keep your dog on a leash unless in an enclosed supervised area such as dog day care
• Always have an adult with you when exercising outside your home
• Know exactly where your dog is at all times
• Check the path in which you walk the dog to ensure there are no hazards
• Do not tie the leash to your wrist
• Do not exercise when the weather is too hot
• Bring water and a travel bowl for your pet

Appropriate Play Tips for Children

There is estimated to be 400 million dogs in the world. Exposure to dogs is inevitable so it is important to ensure our children and pets have a positive experience.

If it is a dog you know and you have been given permission from an adult to approach the dog, here are some tips:
• Be Gentle: Gently stroke the pet on the chest and shoulders: avoid the neck, face, feet and tail.
• Approach Slowly: Move slowly around a pet.
• Be quiet and confident around the dog.
• Do not approach a dog when it is eating or sleeping.

How to Train Your Pet to "Sit"

• Use a treat and hold is directly above your pet’s head.
• Move the treat so that your pet follows it with it’s eyes.
• As you move the treat forward, your pet’s legs should start to fold under
• You may need to give a gentle push if your pet does not start to bend the legs
• As this begins to happen, say “Sit”
• When the dog fully sits, give the treat or praise
• Practice, practice, practice

Grass Seeds or Foxtails

Grass seeds, although small, can be fatal to our pets. These small seeds can bury their way through skin and organs and usually enter through the toes and ears.

Prevention tips:
• Avoid walking in long grass
• Check your pet around the ears and toes after every walk
• Remove any with tweezers gently
• Keep your pet groomed – short haired pets are less likely to trap grass seeds in
their coat.

If you suspect your pet has a grass seed, contact your veterinarian immediately.

Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies

Some animals have a tendency to eat non food items or "foreign bodies". Sometimes the foreign bodies may pass through the gut without causing a problem but frequently they become lodged in the stomach or small intestines creating an obstruction. An obstruction is a surgical emergency!

Some of the common foreign bodies removed from animal gastrointestinal tracts include:

• corn cobs
• stones from fruit such as nectarines and peaches
• plastic and string packaging around meat products
• fish hooks
• string/wool (cats)

The common symptoms of obstruction include:

• poor appetite
• vomiting
• lethargy
• weight loss
• pain

If you are concerned your pet may have eaten a foreign body or is displaying any of these symptoms, seek veterinary advice immediately as surgery may be required.

Aerosols and Pets

Unfortunately I saw a case recently of fatal pneumonia in a cat after a pair of shoes were sprayed with a water repellant aerosol in the same room as the cat.

Aerosols may contain substances that can be toxic to your pets when inhaled. Domestic pets are likely to be more severely affected than people due to their smaller body sizes and lung volumes.


Here's some simple tips to follow if you are unsure if your aerosol may be harmful:

• Try to use the aerosol outdoors if possible
• Never use the aerosol in the same room as your pet
• Ventilate the room well before allowing your pets back into the room

Is My Cat Pregnant?

If your cat is an outdoor cat and is not desexed, it has a very high chance of becoming pregnant.

Signs that could indicate your cat is pregnant:
• Swollen nipples: pregnant cat nipples are enlarged and pink
• Increased appetite: appetite increases about 1.5 times during pregnancy
• Weight gain: the abdominal area enlarges with pregnancy
• Mood change: pregnant cats can become quiet and friendlier

If your cat is showing these signs, book her in to see the veterinarian for a pregnancy test.

If it is not pregnant, you should consider booking her in for desexing ASAP.

Avoiding Heatstroke

As the weather warms up and we start traveling with our pets, it’s important to know the signs of early heatstroke to avoid serious injury.

Symptoms of Heat Stroke
• Increased respiratory rate – panting
• Bright red tongue and gums
• Thick saliva
• Lethargy
• Weakness
• Instability
• Vomiting

Prevention
• Never leave your pet in the car.
• Never leave your pet in the sun. Always provide a shaded area.
• If your pet is showing early signs of heatstroke, wet your pet with cool water and place cool wet towels for your pet to lie on (change the towel every few minutes with fresh cool water)
• Seek veterinary care immediately if you pet continues to show symptoms

Finding the Perfect Pet for your Children

Research has shown that pets are extremely beneficial in the social development of a child. Having a family pet is a wonderful experience for call. There are many things to consider when choosing a pet. I have listed a few of those things:

• Temperament: Always choose a breed or a breed mix that is known for their great interaction with children.

• Energy Levels: For families that lead active lifestyles, choose a dog that is able to participate in outdoor activities. For families that tend to stay home a lot, choose a pet that does not require as much exercise.

• Size: How much room will your pet have at the home? Smaller areas will require smaller dogs or dogs with low energy

• Grooming: Some breeds require a lot of grooming. Who will be devoted to grooming your pet or taking your pet to the groomer regularly?

• Age: Puppies require a lot of training whilst older dogs may have already been exposed to children. Determine how much time and who will be responsible for training.

• Health: Your pet will requires frequent visits to the veterinarian at the start. Some breeds have hereditary problems that may develop over time. Will you be able to look after an unhealthy pet?

Caring for a Rabbit

Rabbits are small mammals that can make great pets if give the right amount of care and attention. They can range from 2 pounds to 16 pounds depending on the breed. And they live to 8-12 years.

Routine Care:
• Need fresh water and food every day
• Need supervised play every day
• Brushed every day
• Litter box cleaned daily
• Once a week they need their cage cleaned and disinfected
• Annual vet check
• Toys
• Fresh bedding regularly

Dandruff

Dandruff or seborrhea occurs commonly in Cocker Spaniels, Basset Hounds, West Highland White Terries, Dobermans, Labrador Retrievers, German Shepherds and Daschunds.

Common Causes:
• Allergies e.g. atopy, food, flea, contact
• Parasites e.g. flea, mites, lice
• Endocrine disorders e.g. hypothyroidism
• Autoimmune disease
• Neoplastic disorders
• Environmental factors e.g. low humidity

Treatment can vary depending on the cause. Antibacterial and antifungal shampoos can help where they are allowed to soak the skin for 10 to 15 minutes.

Lick Granulomas

Does your dog lick excessively at one spot on its leg?

Lick Granulomas or Acral Lick Dermatitis is a common condition that affects a single area on a limb. It is thought to be most commonly caused by boredom, separation anxiety or confinement. Other noted causes include allergies, trauma, parasites or pain (e.g. arthritis). The area is often moist due to the excessive licking, raised and inflamed.

Depending on the underlying cause, treatment can vary. Resolution can vary between dogs. The smaller the lesion and the quicker the diagnosis, the better the prognosis.

Commonly Affected Breeds:
• Boxer
• Doberman
• German Shepherd
• Golden Retriever
• Great Dane
• Labrador Retriever

How to Reduce Shedding

The following tips are for pets that shed hair regularly and evenly. For those pets that have suddenly had a loss of hair in a particular area or have become thin in the coat all over, seek medical attention.

1. Stop Hair at the Source
Brushing daily means that you will remove most of the hair before it has the chance of falling into the environment or onto you. Natural-bristle brushes are often the most effective. If your pet will allow it, brush in all directions. Regular bathing no more frequent that every two weeks will also help to reduce the shedding.

2. Environmental Cleaning
Vacuuming regularly will also reduce the environmental clumps of hair. Roller brushes will also help to remove hair off clothing and furniture.

5 Most Common Causes of Skin Diseases

1. Parasites
• e.g. fleas, mites
• Diagnosis: on history, skin scrapings, treatment trial
• Treatment: effective parasite control, regular treatment, medication

2. Food
• e.g. soy, beef
• Diagnosis: history, 8-week diet trial
• Treatment: hypoallergenic diet, removal of all other food sources, medication

3. Environmental agents
• e.g. wandering dew, pollen
• Diagnosis: history, specific allergen testing
• Treatment: allergen-specific immunotherapy, environmental modification, medication

4. Bacteria
• e.g. staph
• Diagnosis: cytology, culture and sensitivity
• Treatment: antibiotics and topical treatment

5. Yeast
• e.g. malassezia
• Diagnosis: cytology
• Treatment: antifungals, medication

Tapeworms

The tapeworm is an intestinal parasite that affects cats and dogs when an infected flea is ingested. The prevalence is up at 60% in some areas. Signs of tapeworms in your pet include segments on the hair coat or bedding, excessive licking at the backend or scooting. Treatment from your veterinarian will help the situation but will not prevent it from happening again. So, prevention is important.

Prevention:
• Effective flea control used regularly
• Pest control (rodents can act as intermediate hosts)

Ever Considered a Pet Pig?

The thought of a pet pig does seem quite novel and they are so cute. However, there is a lot to think about before owning a pig. Every year, many pet pigs are abandoned to shelters because their owners did not fully understand what they were getting into. Pet pigs are very high maintenance, plus, your council may not even allow them.

Pigs will be pigs. Just as in the wild, pet pigs will explore everything with their snout. Your home or yard can be turned upside down in a short period of time. Being omnivores they will eat almost anything but a special diet is needed in order for them to remain healthy. They need to be taken to a veterinarian regularly for vaccines and health checks. And, you need to find a veterinarian who is experienced in treating a pet pig.

Pet pigs can be trained on the leash and to go to the toilet in the right area like a dog. But, they tend to be territorial so training and discipline is key.

What happens during a bird exam?

Like cats and dogs, birds should be checked by the veterinarian every year. If possible, it’s always a good idea to bring the bird to the veterinarian’s in its cage. Do not clean the cage before bringing it in as the cage will say a lot about the bird's health.

The veterinarian can learn a lot about your bird by it’s home environment. They will be looking at the:
- environment,
- food,
- feeding arrangement
- droppings on the bottom of the cage

The bird will then be securely restrained to prevent injury to person or pet and examined in depth physically. Any abnormal changes in the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, skin, feathers, wings, legs, vent, chest or abdomen will be noted.

Common Household Medications

It’s never easy watching your pet suffer. Unfortunately, looking to our own medicine cabinet is not a good idea. Drugs commonly used for human ailments can be poisonous to pets.

If a pet is unwell, it is important that you seek veterinary attention immediately. Human medications such as pain relievers and anti-inflammatories should not be used on pets.

Common Household Medicines that can be poisonous to our pets:
- acetaminophen (PARACETAMOL, TYLENOL),
- aspirin,
- ibuprofen,
- naproxen

If your pet accidentally ingests these products, seek veterinary care immediately.

Choosing the Right Litter for Your Cat

If you have a healthy cat, but they are having toilet accidents, it could be a litter. Various studies have been done to look at a cat’s preference for litter. Here is a summary of some of the findings.
• Number of litter boxes:
- Too few litter boxes for the number of cats can cause problems
• Type of litter box
- Hooded boxes are avoided by some cats
• Size of litter box
- Larger litter boxes are preferable than medium or smaller ones
• Litter Type
- Heavily scented or deodorized litter (e.g. citrus) are often avoided by cats.
- Cedar scents tend to be more tolerated by cats.
• Odor control
- activated carbon can be found in some litter brands to help reduce odor. Studies have shown that cats may prefer litter with activated carbon.
• Recently changed litter brand
- cats hate change
• Is the litter too dusty?
• Clumping or not clumping
- studies suggest cats prefer clumping litter
• Dirty litter box
– is it dirty? Is it cleaned with chemicals that are too strong?
• Poor location
- choose a secluded area
• Litter box liners
• Litter box side height

In general, all cats have their own preference. If you have a cat that is happy with its litter, don't change it. Cats hate change!

Keep Your Pets Out of the Garbage

Our trash appears very appealing to our pets. So, it is important that the garbage is secured to prevent our pets from getting into it. Garbage contains toxic bacteria, sharp objects, food scraps and other possible foreign bodies that are not good for pets.

Tips:
• Always secure the garbage and if possible keep it in an area out of reach from pets
• Keep your pet on a harness when walking to steer them away from garbage on the street or in the park
• Train your pet to "Sit" and "Stay" so they can be stopped from eating garbage

If your pets are to get into the garbage, seek veterinary attention as soon as possible.

Rats and Cowpox Virus

Europe has reported cases of coxpox virus infection in humans. The virus causes black skin lesions in humans and is suspected to come from pet rats.

This is a good reminder to ensure that even a rat should be checked frequently by a veterinarian to pick up any problems sooner than later.

The vet will:
• Check the eyes for discharge
• Listen to the breathing for sneezing, wheezing or difficulty breathing
• Nasal discharge
• Check that the claws are not overgrown
• Check the weight
• Check if the rat is alert and responsive
• Check for early lumps

Rats make great pets. They are extremely intelligent and great companions. They live for approx 2.5-4 years.

Unfortunately, rats are prone to illnesses such as respiratory disease, congestive heart failure, cancer, dental problems and sudden death.

Ringworm

Ringworm is a fungus that causes skin disease in our pets and can also be transmitted to humans.

Prevention:
• Adopt from reputable shelters or breeders
• All animals should be screened for ringworm before sending them home
• Any animals found to have ringworm should be isolated to avoid other pets from contracting it
• If you notice a itchy pet, hair loss, visit your veterinarian immediatley
• Wash your hands thoroughly after handling a pet
• Wear gloves when handling an infected pet
• Do not touch an infected pet if you have open wounds

Diagnosis:
• fungal culture
• wood's lamp - some ringworm will fluoresce under this lamp
• microscopic exam

Ringworm is usually self-limiting in short-haired pets, which means that it will resolve on its own. However, veterinary examinations should be considered to determine whether treatment is needed to help prevent it from getting worse and being spread to other pets.

Bloat

Bloat can be extremely dangerous and often requires quick thinking if it occurs. It is more common in deep chested dogs such as Great Danes, Weimeraners and Mastiffs. Referred to as a Gastric Dilation Volvulus (GDV), it occurs when the stomach blows up like a balloon and twists.

Dietary risk factors include:
• small food particles,
• presence of oil or fat amongst the first four ingredients in dry food,
• large amount of food fed once daily,
• feeding from an elevated bowl,
• eating quickly or gulping air.

How to prevent Bloat:
• Watch for early signs such as retching, enlarged belly, restlessness, difficulty
breathing
• Feed smaller meals rather than one big meal
• Avoid exercise immediately after meals
• Avoid sudden diet changes

Seek veterinary attention immediately if you think your dog has bloat.

Dogs Detecting Cancer in Humans

The sense of smell is a dogs primary sense. Sniffing allows dogs to take in air quickly to specifically identify the odor several meters away. Their sense of smell is extremely sensitive with over 220 million smell-sensitive cells within their nose compared to only 5 million in humans.

For this reason, dogs readily assist us in the community to track everything from people to drugs to explosives.

It's no surprise that dogs may have a use in human medicine. It has been fairly well documented that dogs can detect low blood sugar in diabetics. A recent study by the Pine Street Foundation in California has demonstrated a dogs ability to detect lung and breast cancer in humans based on breath samples.

How to Show Appreciation For Your Pet - National Pet Week May 3-9, 2009

Pets are undoubtedly man’s best friend. They have unquestioning loyalty and are always there to cheer us up.

Benefits of Pets:
• Stress relief
• Decrease feelings of loneliness
• Increase social contact
• Positively influence child social development and self-esteem
• Assistance dogs – therapy dogs, guide dogs
• Community work – search and rescue, customs
• Stock work

This week is the time to start showing our appreciation for their unconditional companionship:
• Have your pet examined by the vet regularly to ensure your pet is healthy
• Spend more time with your pet each day
• Exercise with your pet regularly
• Take your pets on holiday with you
• Socialize your pet by taking them to dog parks or dog day care
• Feed your pet the appropriate ‘complete and balanced’ diet
• Avoid foods that are poisonous to pets
• Safe guard your home from common poisons
• Avoid toxic plants


Share ideas on how you make your pet feel special!

Waking Up Tired Every Day?

As pets continue to exist as family members, it's not all that uncommon for us to allow our pets to sleep in the bedroom. It has been well established that pets enhance human health through the reduction of stress. But, could they actually be linked to poor sleep?

John Shepard, M.D., medical director of the Mayo Clinic Sleep Disorders Center in the United States, investigated the relationship between pets and sleep problems.

Out of 300 patients experiencing sleep problems, he found:
52% of patients had one or more pets
60% of patients slept with their pets in the bedroom
53% of patients were suffering sleep disruption every night
21% of patients reported snoring from their dog
7% reported snoring from their cat

He concluded that each individual needs to weigh up the pros and cons of sleeping with their pet and that it's not uncommon for people to choose to tolerate poor sleep just to be near their little companions.

Source Science Daily

ASK THE VET: Why Do Dogs Eat Poo?

The medical term for this behaviour is Coprophagia. Although the cause is unknown, puppies tend to grow out of the behaviour. Faeces can be bad source of disease including worms and other parasites.

Tips to prevent your puppy from eating its stools:
• Clean up all dog stools immediately
• Have your veterinarian examine your pet for any health problems
• Feed your puppy a fully balanced diet. Ensure the diet you are using has the terms "complete and balanced" on the package
• When your dog goes to eat any feces, firmly say ‘No’
• Use bitter tasting agents to discourage your pet from eating stools.


This week the 'Ask the Vet' question came from Melinda.

Hip Dysplasia

Hip dysplasia is the development of a malformation of the hip in any dog breed. More commonly seen in large breed dogs, it has been reported by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals as high as 80% in some breeds. The condition has a strong genetic component but can also be caused by other factors such as growth rate and diet.



Commonly affected breeds:
• Bull Dogs
• Newfoundlands
• Saint Bernards
• Labrador Retrievers
• Golden Retrievers

Diagnosis:
• Radiographs analysed by the University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP)

Treatment:
• Anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the pain
• Neutraceuticals to help with join health
• Modified exercise program
• Physical Therapy
• Diet modification for weight loss
• Surgery

Prevention:
• Do appropriate screening of dogs before adopting them
• Get your puppy screened early at the time of vaccination

Avoiding Swine Flu

Swine flu is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by the highly contagious H1N1 virus. Like other viruses, it can mutate to infect other animal species and in this case, humans. It is spread through the air from the coughing and sneezing of infected animals and people.

Prevention:
• Wash your hands with soap and warm water
• Frequently use alcohol-based hand cleaners
• Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth
• Avoid close contact with ill people
• If you do get sick, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue and limit contact with others
• Contact your physician immediately if you think you have contracted the virus

Visit CDC for further information and updates.

Missing Teeth

On the surface, missing teeth may not appear to be a problem in cats and dogs. But, under the surface, bone cysts or abscesses can form causing long term problems.

Dogs and cats should have all their teeth showing by 6 months of age.

How many teeth are they supposed to have?
Dogs: 42 permanent teeth
Cats: 30 permanent teeth

You local vet can schedule dental x-rays to determine whether a tooth is truly missing or whether it lies under the surface of the gum.

It's always best to get these investigated early rather than wait for a more serious problem to occur.

Anti-inflammatory (NSAID) Side Effects

Pets are often prescribed anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) to help relieve the pain following surgery, dentals or long term for pets with chornic conditions such as arthritis. These products can provide very effective pain relief, but are not advised for pets with kidney, liver, or stomach issues. Only your veterinarian is able to choose the right anti-inflammatory for your pet.

If your pet has been prescribed anti-inflammatories, it is important to monitor your pet closely for any side effects such as:
- vomiting
- diarrhoea (with or without blood)
- inappetence
- tense abdomen
- black stools
- drinking a lot
- urinating a lot
- pale gums

Notify your veterinary hospital immediately if you notice any of these signs.

And NEVER use human NSAIDs on your pets!

Prevention of serious NSAID problems
- Monitor for signs
- Visit the veterinarian regularly i.e. every 3-6 months
- Have blood tests done at vet visits to pick up early signs of kidney or liver problems
- Keep to the prescribed dose (Increasing the NSAID dose does not necessarily provide more pain relief)
- Notify the veterinarian of all other medications your pet is on. Other drugs such as Corticosteroids (used for allergy relief) and Aspirin can cause serious drug reactions.

Is your Pet in Pain?

Pets show pain in many different ways. Here are some signs that may indicate to you that your pet is in pain

Physical Signs:
• Increased heart rate
• Increased respiratory rate
• Enlarged pupils
• Slowed reflexes

Behavioral Signs:
• Reduced appetite
• Difficulty rising or sitting
• Restlessness
• Quiet
• Personality change
• Licking or biting at itself
• Irritability

Poor Training Linked to Dog Aggression

The conclusions of a recent study at the University of Cordoba suggest the following factors as causes of dog aggression:
• First-time ownership
• Lack of obedience training
• Spoiling the dog
• Receiving the dog as a gift
• Buying a dog on impulse
• Buying a guard dog
• Spaying female dogs
• Leaving constant supply of food
• Spending little time with the dog

Other factors such as breed, male sex, small sized dogs and the ages between 5-7 years have also been associated with a greater risk of aggression. However, this study concluded that breed had less influence.

This study should remind us of the importance of training and dog obedience and that dogs that are trained well are less likely to retain any inherent aggression.

Journal reference: Pérez-Guisado, Joaquín; Muñoz-Serrano, Andrés. Factors Linked to Dominance Aggression in Dogs. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 8(2): 336-342, 2009

ASK THE VET: Sleeping and Dreaming Habits of Dogs

Dogs need their sleep and without it they can become stressed. Stress can result in behavioral changes, weight loss and a lowered immune system. Although very few studies exist on the sleep and dreaming habits of dogs, it appears that the amount of sleep required depends on the dog breed, age and energy levels. Most dogs need about 14 hours of sleep a day.

Large breed dogs such as Newfoundlands, Saint Bernards and Great Danes sleep a lot more than the small breeds. They can sleep up to 18 hours a day. Low energy dogs that sit at home such as Bull dogs and Bassett Hounds sleep a lot more than high energy dogs such as working dogs (e.g. search and rescue dogs).

Placing your pet’s bed in an area that is away from noise and activity will help them get their required amout of sleep for rejuvenation. Changes in sleep patterns can definitely be an early sign of illness. If this is the case, seek veterinary attention for further investigation.

Like humans, dogs’ do dream. The twitching, whimpering and paw movements are signs of a dog in deep sleep. Avoid suddenly waking your pet up from deep sleep.

The question this week came from Lauren.

What Does your Pet get up to When you are at Work?

For most of us, working means being away from our pets for more than 8 hours a day. Dogs can become bored very easily and this can result in destructive behavior such as chewing, barking, and digging holes.

Tips in preventing boredom in dogs:
• Leave pet-approved dog toys such as the KONG
• Freeze food over night in KONG toys
• Hire a professional dog walker
• Doggy day care
• Take your dog to spend a day with a friend’s dog (supervised)
• Create a dog play area in the backyard
• Hide small amounts of treats in the yard
• Exercise them first thing in the morning or straight after work

Top 20 Purebed Dogs & Screening Tests

The American Kennel Club (AKC) is a non-profit organization that manages the largest registry of purebred dogs in the world. The AKC has sorted through over 150 different dog breeds from the most popular to the least popular.

1. Retrievers (Labrador)
2. Yorkshire Terriers
3. German Shepherd Dogs
4. Retrievers (Golden)
5. Beagles
6. Boxers
7. Dachshunds
8. Bulldogs
9. Poodles
10. Shih Tzu
11. Miniature Schnauzers
12. Chihuahuas
13. Pomeranians
14. Rottweilers
15. Pugs
16. Pointers (German Shorthaired)
17. Boston Terriers
18. Doberman Pinschers
19. Shetland Sheepdogs
20. Maltese

See the full list here

If you are serious about purchasing a purebred puppy, it is important to do your research. Unfortunately, there are many pets that are falsely advertised as purebreds or don’t have appropriate papers or medical reports. Check with your veterinarian, reputable breeder, breed associations, American Kennel Club, and inherited disease registry for potential inherited breed problems and determine which screening tests should be considered.

Examples of screening tests:
• Stethoscope or Echocardiogram to check the heart
• Radiology to check the joints such as the hips (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) and the University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP))
• Eye exam to check for inherited eye problems

Ensure that the breeder has all these certified examination documents relating to the puppy as well as its relatives, to share with you.

How Much Do Our Pets Cost Us?

American pet owners own 65 million dogs and 77 million cats.

The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals report an annual cost of $1-2000 in the first year of owning a dog, slightly less for a cat and about $2-300 for a rodent, bird or fish. This does not include day care or boarding if the owner has to travel; in these cases you are looking at $15-25 a day extra.

According to the American Veterinary Medical Association, owners average about $350 in vet expenses a year which is a total of $8.6 billion a year. This does not seem much when compared to an overall $36 billion spent on pets a year.

In tough times, preventive care is especially important. The upfront costs of monthly preventive medications will help prevent expensive disease treatment in the future. Annual visits to the vet will help pick up early problems rather than expensive treatment for severe problems down the track.

Is Your Dog At Risk of Bone Cancer?

Bone cancer, and specifically Osteosarcoma is one of the most common bone cancers in dogs. It has been estimated that 10,000 dogs are diagnosed each year with Osteosarcoma which is approximately 5% of all dog cancers.

It is a cancer predominantly of older dogs but can also occur in dogs 1-2 years of age. Males appear to be affected more commonly than females. It has been estimated that dogs weighing >80lbs are at least 60 times more likely to develop this cancer than dogs weighing <75lbs.

Commonly affected large breed dogs:
• Rottweilers
• Sain Bernards
• Newfoundlands
• Bernese Mountain Dogs
• Great Danes
• Golden Retrievers
• Dobermans
• Weimeraners
• Boxers

Affected dogs usually present with lameness or a solid bone swelling.

Treatment Options:
• Amputation of the affected limb
• Removal of the affected bone
• Chemotherapy
• Radiation therapy
• Pain management

Unfortunately, this type of bone cancer is highly aggressive and often spreads to other organs such as the liver, kidney, skin or other bones.

As with most serious problems in pets, it is best to pick up changes early so there is a better chance of survival.

Antifreeze or Car Coolant Poisonings

Approximately 10,000 pets are killed each year in the US from the ingestion of the sweet-tasting antifreeze. One teaspoon of this coolant is enough to kill a cat. Half a cup is enough to kill a 20kg or 44lb dog.

Clinical Signs (show 30 mins to 12 hours after ingestion)
• Depression
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Head tremors
• Instability

Chances of survival are best when treated within 3-5 hours of ingestion. Once kidney failure occurs, the prognosis is very poor.

Prevention
Keep your pets away from the garage and away from the car. Cats especially like to rest on or under the warm car on cold days. Keep any antifreeze along with other toxic substances such as pesticides, locked away securely.

Home Cooked Diets

Recent problems with commercial diets in the US, have stimulated an increase in home cooked diets and raw diets for our pets. There are definitely advantages to home cooked meals, but they do not outweigh the disadvantages unless the diet has been put together specifically for your pet by a qualified veterinary nutritionist.

Advantages:
• Increased palatability
• High digestibility
• Ability to control ingredients

Disadvantages:
• Expensive
• Poorly balanced i.e. lack the right balance of protein, carbohydrates, vitamins & minerals
• Bacterial contamination of raw ingredients that can affect both pets and humans
• Bones can cause gastrointestinal obstructions, break teeth and tear the intestines

Unless you have specific recipes that have been formulated by a veterinary nutritionist, commercial diets should be considered. All reputable veterinary nutritional companies must follow strict dietary requirements to ensure the diets are balanced and nutritionally beneficial.

Seek veterinary assistance in determining which diet is best for your pet.

Setting Up a First Aid Kit for Your Pet

A first aid kit comes in handy when owning a pet as well as for traveling with your pet.

Here is a list of must-have items:
• Adhesive tape
• Sterile cleaning devices i.e. nonstick pads, gauze squares and cotton balls
• Board or towel for makeshift stretcher
• Cardboard or wood for splints
• Elizabethan collar to prevent licking of injury
• Examination gloves
• Sterile Saline to clean wounds
• Ice pack
• Large blanket
• Magnifying glass
• Muzzle
• Penlight flashlight
• Diluted Povidone iodine
• Rectal thermometer and lubricant
• Roller gauze (self-adhering), cotton roll and elastic bandage
• Tweezers
• Scissors

Gum Disease linked to Heart Disease

Gum disease occurs in 75% of middle-aged dogs. Purdue University recently published a study that links gum disease to heart disease. It has been known for many years that the bacteria that cause gum disease can travel through the blood causing disease in the body such as the heart and kidneys in both cats and dogs.

Good oral hygiene and regular visits to the veterinarian can help prevent this from occurring.

Signs of gum disease:
• Bad Breath
• Drooling
• Difficulty chewing or eating
• Inflamed or Bleeding Gums
• Yellow tartar on teeth
• Receding gums
• Loose or missing teeth

Prevention of gum disease:
Plaque builds up on teeth every 6-8 hours following brushing. So, it is important to be able to brush your pet’s teeth every day. Your veterinarian will be able to help you select the right toothbrush and toothpaste for your pet. Human toothpaste is not recommended as it can cause stomach problems if swallowed.

Dental chews, toys and diets exist for those pets that do not allow for their teeth to be brushed. Talk to your veterinarian about the right prevention for your pet.

Swimming as Therapy For Dogs

Aquatic therapy has been proven to help strength, endurance, fitness, range of motion, agility and general health of pets. The buoyancy of the water decreases the body weight of the pet, reducing the stress on the joints and reducing any pain through movement.

Pets that suffer from long term joint problems such as arthritis, often do well with swimming as a form of exercise rather than walking, as it is less stressful on the joints.

Aquatic therapy in swimming pools, whirlpools or underwater treadmills, has been used for rehabilitation for many years. Pets have benefited from aquatic therapy following:
• Fracture repair
• Cruciate ligament repair
• Tendon injury
• Nerve damage
• Muscle weakness

Speak to your veterinarian or specialist if you think your pet may benefit from this. Known contraindications for aquatic therapy include those dogs that fear water, certain fractures, and open wounds.

Article Topic Suggested by Cathy at The Rex Center

What to do If Your Pet has a Fit

It can be very distressing to witness your pet having a fit. In many cases, the fit will only last for a few minutes at the most.

What to do if you see your pet having a fit:

• move furniture and any objects out of the way to prevent injury to the animal


• avoid touching or comforting your pet during the fit as you may be accidently bitten or injured


• contact your veterinarian if fitting continues beyond a few minutes


• if you need to transport a fitting pet to a veterinary clinic for emergency treatment, find a big thick blanket to wrap the animal in and be very wary of claws and teeth in the process

ASK THE VET: When Dogs Use their Crate as a Toilet

Toilet training can be frustrating at the best of times. It is important to ensure your pet is healthy and that you have a set schedule to help them learn. Not only is it convenient to have a specific toilet marked out, it is also more hygienic for the family.

Reasons for why your pet may toilet in the crate:
• Puppies brought up in pet shops are often conditioned to toilet in the same area they eat and sleep. It is possible to train them out of this habit.
• Young puppies 8-12 weeks that cannot control their bladder or bowel movements
• Disease – diarrhea (viral or bacterial) or worms
• Lack of a strict toilet or meal schedule
• Meals right before or during confinement

Tips:
• Create a strict schedule for meal and toilet time and stick to it (every 3-4 hours they should be let out to toilet)
• Crate them with water only (avoid meals in there)
• Toilet your dog immediately after a meal - take them to the designated toilet area and wait until they go
• Always reward your pet when it uses the right area (hugs or very small treat)
• Collect any of your pet’s toilets and place into the specified toilet area. This helps mark the area.
• Never punish your pet when it goes to the wrong area as this may scare your pet from going to the toilet or going when you are around
• Use barriers or citronella spray in the wrong areas where they may have toileted previously
• If you are unable to let your dog out to toilet every 3-4 hours, set up a puppy pad as the toilet area within the crate
• Keep your pet occupied with toys or the radio/TV on to keep your pet stimulated whilst in the crate


Our question this week came from Erin

Animal victims of the "Black Saturday" Australian bushfires

Many animals were victims of the recent Australian bushfires on "Black Saturday". Surrounding veterinary clinics were innundated with domestic pets and wildlife suffering from smoke inhalation and burns of varying degrees.

Fortunately, two months later, most of these animals are nearing the end of their burns treatment.


Here are some simple first aid tips for animals with burns:

• run cold water over burn or apply ice packs to the area for at least 15 minutes


• cover your pet in a blanket if starting to shiver


• apply a non stick dressing to the burn


• transport your pet to the vet for futher treatment

Pets linked to 88% of Injuries

Each year, approximately 8 million people are admitted into the emergency room due to fall-injuries in the US. The Center of Disease Control (CDC) recently undertook a study to determine the relationship between dogs and cats and fall-injuries.

Nearly 90,000 falls were associated with cats or dogs. 88% of injuries were related to dogs. Female owners were 2.1 times more likely to be injured than males.

Prevention:
1. Be aware of your pet and their toys at all times
2. Ensure your dog undergoes obedience training
a. Can walk calmly on a leash
b. Do not jump up on people
c. Can “sit”, “stay” and “relax”
3. Discourage pets from lying at the foot of the bed or chairs
4. Discourage over-excitement

Check out the full report at CDC

Top 10 Pet Poisons

The ASPCA recently published the Top 10 Pet Poisons of 2008. It's an important reminder for all of us to secure any possible poisons so that our pets cannot gain access to them.

1. Human Medications
2. Insecticides
3. People Food
4. Rat Poison
5. Pet Medication
6. Plants
7. Chemicals
8. Household Cleaners
9. Heavy Metals
10. Fertilizer

If you are concerned that your pet has had access to any of these poisons, contact the Poison Control Center at +1 888 426 4435 (USA)

Smoking Linked to Cancer in Cats

Attention all smokers! Exhaled smoke or smoke from a burning cigarette contains 4000 harmful chemicals including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde and arsenic that is causing disease in our cats.

Tufts School of Veterinary Medicine undertook a 7 year investigation into the relationship between cancer (lymphoma) in cats and smoking households. They found that cats living in smoking households had twice the risk of developing lymphoma and cats in homes with >2 smokers were at 4 times the risk, than cats in smoke-free homes.

As well as cancer (lymphoma), there is evidence to suggest that cats are also at a higher risk of squamous cell carcinomas in the mouth, lung disease (asthma, pneumonia) and eye irritation in smoking households.

ASK THE VET: How to Manage Separation Anxiety in Cats

Although the causes of separation anxiety are not fully understood, it is apparent that genetics and environmental factors play a role. It has been shown that orphaned or early-weaned kittens are definitely predisposed due to the lack of socialisation and parental discipline as a young kitten. Having multi-cat households where the cats don’t get a long can also exacerbate the problem.

Signs
• Following the owner from room to room
• Inappropriate urinating or defecating
• Destructive behavior i.e. chewing or scratching
• Excessive grooming that leads to hair loss
• Vocalization

If your cat is showing these signs, book them in for a full veterinary examination to rule out medical conditions first. If your cat is considered healthy, your veterinarian will consider behavior modifying techniques +/- medical management.

Behavior modifying
• Try not to make a grand exit when leaving your pets
• When you return home, ignore your pets for the first 15-20 minutes or until the pet calms down
• No attention given on demand to the pet - you must initiate the attention
• Reduce shadowing behaviour in the home by closing doors
• Leave toys (with or without catnip) for your cats to play with – consider ones that you can put food inside to keep your cat occupied
• Try a comfortable perch for the cat to enjoy
• Try music in the background with bird noises whilst you are away
• Climbing frames

You may also want to consider trying FELIWAY Spray or Diffuser, a synthetic feline facial pheromone, that has been shown to help reduce stress behavior in some situations.

Medical Management
In severe cases, your veterinarian may recommend short-term medical management. Most behavior-modifying drugs such as CLOMICALM (clomipramine), PROZAC (fluoxetine), BUSPAR (buspirone), are not labelled for cats, however, have been prescribed by veterinarians extra-label with varying results.


Our question this week came from Nikki (Kinipelas Mom)

Easter Warning for Pets

Whilst enjoying the Easter break, it is important that we prevent our pets from eating chocolate. Unfortunately, most deaths occur when our dogs steal the chocolate from our homes.

A typical easter egg of 150g (5 oz) can be life threatening for a 12 kg (25 lb) dog. Unsweetened bakers chocolate is 10x more toxic.

Chocolate contains Theobromine which over stimulates the heart and nervous system causing signs such as:
• vomiting
• diarrhea
• restlessness
• increased drinking and urinating
• tremors
• seizures
• Death as quick as 18 hours later if not treated

If you are concerned that your pet may have eaten chocolate, seek veterinary care immediately.

Dog survives 4 months on Remote Island off Australia

Sophie, a Blue Heeler dog was thrown over board during a sailing expedition off the Queensland coast in November 2008. Four months later, her grieving owners discover that she had managed to swim across shark-infested waters to an island and had been surviving on wildlife for the past 4 months. Source BBC News.

Tips for sailing with pets:
• Wear a Life Jacket at all times
• Attach the Dog by a tether to the boat in rough seas
• Dog Toys to keep them calm
• Dog Food and bowl
• Water and Water bowl
• Indoor Dog Toilet or dog pads

Pet Food Recalls - PEANUT BUTTER

The salmonella-contaminated peanut butter scare continues in the US. But, what about pet food?

Check your kitchen for the following contaminated products.

FDA Pet Food Product Recalls
Aggieville USA, Mountain Grove, MO
Alaska Canine Cookies
American Health Kennels, Inc.
American Nutrition, Inc.
Breadfarm
Carolina Prime
Carolina Prime Pet
Farm Style
Grreat Choice
Happy Tails
Healthy Hide
Healthy-hide Deli-wrap
Hill Country Fare
Integrity
Mill Creek
Morning Melodies
Morning Song
Next Gen Pet Products
Northwest Royal
Premium
Royal Wing
Salix
Scotts
Shoppers Valu
Springfield Prize
Vita Bone Flavors
Vita Snacks
Western Family Biscuits
Western Trade Group, Inc.
Yeaster

Check back here for daily updates.

Lily poisoning in cats

Lilies are popular flowers but unfortunately many types of lilies are poisonous to cats when eaten. Ingestion of any part of the plant (flower, leaf, stamen, stem, root) can cause death in cats from kidney failure.

Some of the culprits include:
· easter lily
· day lily
· tiger lily
· japanese show lily
· glory lily
· stargazer lily
· rubrum lily


Prevention is easier than cure so it is always best to avoid bringing home lilies into a household with cats. Dogs and other pets are much less likely to be affected.

If you think your cat has eaten part of a lily plant, even if it’s a tiny amount, you should consult your veterinarian immediately.

Top 10 Cat Friendly Cities

Cats are the number one companions with 81.7 million (source: AVMA) in the USA. The CATalyst Council recently undertook a study to determine the top 10 cat friendly cities for 2009. The criteria included cat ownership per capita, level of veterinary services, microchipping and cat-friendly business.

Top 10 Cat Friendly Cities
• Tampa
• Phoenix
• San Francisco
• Portland, OR
• Denver
• Boston
• Seattle
• San Diego
• Atlanta
• Minneapolis

Planning on Traveling with your Pet over Easter?

Pets are part of the family, so why not take them on holiday with you. There are many great pet friendly places around. Check out the links below for some ideas.

When traveling with your pet it is important to pack appropriately. Here is a list of suggested items for a Pet Travel Kit:
• Pet Brush or comb
• Toys
• Pillow or blanket
• First aid kit
• Food
• Medical History
• Leash
• Medication
• Owner contact information
• Rabies vaccination certificate
• Veterinarian contact details
• Water and bowl

Check out some pet friendly spots in the USA
Check out some pet friendly spots in Australia
Check out some pet friendly spots in the UK

Unwanted Smells

Unwanted smells are a sign of a problem in pets. There are many reasons for this, but the most likely are due to infections. As soon as you sense a change in smell, seek veterinary attention immediately.

Bad Breath
Plaque and tartar store bacteria that can cause gum infections (gingivitis) and tooth decay.
Pets often need annual dentals to prevent serious dental problems. Regular cleaning of the teeth will help prevent gingivitis.

Ear Odour
Some pets, especially those with floppy ears i.e. Cocker Spaniels, are prone to getting ear infections. It is natural for some bacteria to live on the surface of the skin. Occasionally, the bacteria or yeast grow out of control to form inflammation. Regular cleaning of the ear and preventing water from getting into the ear will help prevent infections.

Hot Spot
Dogs with thick coats can get nasty skin infections that spread rapidly. It’s not until the hair is removed that we find the extent to which these skin infections have spread. Some dogs are more prone to these infections than others. It can take a flea bite or a small cut in the skin to become infected. Regular flea control and monitoring of the coat can help reduce the occurrence.

Anal Gland Infection
Cats and dogs both have anal glands that are used to mark their territory. Some pets have problems expressing their glands and can end up with an infection or a blockage. High fibre diets can help encourage natural expression.

Dangerous Pet Turtles

Children are often drawn to the very cute pet turtle. Their slow and harmless nature seem perfect for a child.

Unfortunately, they naturally carry harmful bacteria, Salmonella. These bacteria can cause serious gastrointestinal tract disease that results in severe diarrhoea, fever, vomiting and dehydration.

According to the FDA, over 70,000 cases of Salmonella are reported each year in the USA.

If you have a turtle, make sure you:
1. Wash your hands with soap after playing and before eating
2. Regularly clean the turtle's environment

Further information at the CDC

Missing Dog Returns After 9 Years

A German Shepherd named Astro went missing from his family. Nine years later, the family receives a call from Animal Control having identified Astro by his microchip. (source: The Associated Press).

This heart-warming story should remind us of the importance of microchips, dog ID tags, and secure collars.

If you tend to travel a lot, consider a Missing Dog Emergency Kit for the dog carer:
• Details for the local emergency contact
• Details of where you can be contacte in an emergency
• 3x color photos – front, side, standing
• Scent article in a ziplock bag
• Brief medical history including microchip number and vaccination records

Does Your Pet Eat Plants?

Common Toxic Plants:
• Algae
• Bird of Paradise
• Chrysanthemums
• Daffodil
• Daisy
• Eucalyptus
• Ferns
• Iris
• Ivy
• Lilly
• Mushrooms
• Nettles
• Peach
• Rhododendrons

Even though the chance of a pet consuming large enough quantities of plant material is fairly small, it is important for everyone to be aware of some offending plants. Care must especially be taken when in your yard or out walking in the park.

A comprehensive list of toxic plants can be found at Cornell University

Is the Barking Driving You Crazy?

All dogs have vocals whether it is barking, howling or yapping and some breeds vocalize more often than others. It’s important to choose the dog that’s right for your situation. As with any bad behaviour, excessive barking can be managed, if controlled early.

Dog Breeds That Bark A Lot
Beagle
Yorkshire Terrier
Cairn Terrier
West Highland White Terrier
Chihuahua

If your pet is sitting quietly, you can always reward them with hugs and treats. If you pet is barking you can teach them the “quiet” command. If the barking continues even with persistent training, you can always put them into isolation until they quiet down.

Unfortunately, excessive barking often takes place when you are not at home. And, it’s not until the neighbors complain that you are made aware of it. In this situation, separation anxiety is the most likely cause.

Check out the tips on separation anxiety if this is the case. And consult your local veterinarian for the right treatment plan for your dog.

What is Giardia (gee-are-dee-yah)?

Giardia is one of the most common parasites that cause gastrointestinal problems in animals and humans. Unfortunately, it is thought to be on the rise, being seen more commonly in pets and children.

Infection occurs through the ingestion of contaminated feces. If your pet is showing any of the following signs, seek veterinary attention immediately:
• Soft diarrhoea with or without mucus
• Dehydration
• Loss of Appetite
• Lethargy

To help prevent illness in your pets follow these steps:
• Prevent your pet from drinking stagnant water i.e. puddles, ponds
• Provide clean water every day
• Clean drinking bowls regularly
• Always clean up feces by throwing them in a bin
• Provide a fresh sample of feces every year to your veterinarian for analysis
• Practice good hygiene
• If your pet has diarrhea, do not take them to a public area and seek veterinary attention immediately

How to Stop Your Pet From Jumping Up

Dogs can often get carried away when greeting people. And it can get very embarrassing when your dog is trying to jump all over your guests. Unfortunately, we are often to blame for this bad behaviour.

Greeting pets enthusiastically encourages them to get excited and jump up on us. With us greeting them with hugs and excitement, we are rewarding that bad behaviour.

Tips:
• Avoid greeting your pet enthusiastically
• Try to gain focus of your pet and use the “Sit” command to calm them
• Reward your pet with hugs when they sit calmly
• If your pet continues to jump up on you, ignore them by turning your back and continuing with your tasks
• In severe cases, put your pet into isolation until they calm down

Which pet at what age for children?

If you are thinking of adding a pet to your family, you will need to do your homework!

As much as the kids pester you and promise to take on the responsiblity of a fluffy, scaley or feathery new addition, it is more than likely that mum and dad will be actually taking on the majority of responsibility, regardless of how old your kids are, so be prepared to get involved.

Choosing an age appropriate pet can be a challenge. You will have to consider how much experience your child already has with animals. Special consideration also needs to be given to infants and toddlers when introducing a new pet, especially cats and dogs. They don't have the emotional ability or empathy at these stages of development to know when they are playing too roughly, and often don't respect sensitive faces and tails. Constant supervision is required, even for the nicest of pets, because no pet likes to be startled and may react in an unexpected manner.

My Border Terrier joined our family before the kids came along and I'm happy to chat with anyone in a similar situation about how I slowly introduced him to the kids. It's been very successful and he's a terrific family pet. However, as much as he puts up with the odd 'horsey' ride and 'overly enthusiastic' hugs, I constantly supervise the kids when he is inside. As much as we love him, he is a dog, not a person, and I don't give him 100% of my trust. Constant supervision means always being in the same room as your kids and pet when they are together, having the ability to intervene if necessary.

I would highly recommend taking the time to drop into your local vet clinic to discuss the risk factors of introducing a pet at this stage. Vets and nurses are always more than happy to talk to you about your specific circumstances and give you the best advice. The other benefit of contacting your local clinic is that you will want to start building a long lasting relationship with them.

Of course, don't limit your imagination to the traditional cat and dog. Kids make your life very busy, so it's also worth including on your potential pet list some low maintenance but great family pets.

Just to get you thinking:
- rabbits and guinea pigs
- mice
- rats
- lizards
- fish (brilliant for infants and toddlers when out of reach, but they will fascinated)
- birds
- ferrets

Try and visit a local 'petting' farm or visit friends with pets you are considering. Getting some hands on experience before making the long term commitment is a must.

I will be posting more information about what to consider when choosing types of pets at different childhood age groups through to the teenage years. Stay tuned and ask away. The more information you seek and preparation you do, the better chance of a successful addition to your family.

The Perfect Companion for Inner-city Living

The New York Magazine recently published an interesting article about the Top 10 dogs’ ideal for city living. Apart from the number one listing, the mixed breeds, I think they got it right. A mixed breed that has any of the high energy dog breeds such as a Bull mastiff, Irish setter, Dalmation or Border collie would probably not be ideal for city living.

That being said, any well trained, well adjusted dog would probably do well in any environment.

1: MIXED BREED
2: HAVANESE
3: DACHSHUND
4: CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIEL
5: NORFOLK TERRIER
6: PORTUGUESE WATER DOG
7: FRENCH BULLDOG
8: GREYHOUND
9: LABRADOR RETRIEVER
10: PUGS

Kennel Cough

Kennel cough is a highly contagious disease that mainly affects dogs, and occasionally cats, wildlife and rodents. It is caused by a number of pathogens but more commonly the Bordetella bacteria and Parainfluenza virus. Infection occurs through the transmission of infected respiratory secretions i.e. airborne, or on infected toys and water bowls. It is predominantly a problem in poorly ventilated, overcrowded areas such as kennels, boarding facilities, and shelters.

Clinical signs of kennel cough
• Honking cough
• Lethargy
• Runny eyes
• Nasal discharge

If your pet is suffering from these symptoms, contact your local veterinarian. They will also give you instructions on how to bring your pet into the hospital without infecting other patients.

If your pet is rested and healthy, it may go away on its own. You should ensure that they are confined until they are no longer contagious. Transmission can occur for up to 2 weeks following the infection. If your pet gets worse within a couple of days, your veterinarian may prescribe a cough suppressant and antibiotics.

Prevention
• Vaccination is not 100%, however it does greatly reduce clinical symptoms.
• For social pets, kennel cough vaccine should be given every year.
• For pets boarded regularly, your vet may even recommend a vaccination every 6 months.

There are two types of kennel cough vaccines - intranasal and injectable. Intranasal kennel cough vaccines are quicker acting and therefore better for last minute situations where your dog needs to be boarded. Some dogs do show mild symptoms following the intranasal vaccine.

A Two-Nosed Bunny

A two-nosed bunny has been discovered in Connneticut, USA. With no other apparent defects, this bunny is enjoying its new home and friends.

It should, however, remind us to take care when breeding animals as according to Beardsley Zoo director, Gregg Dancho, this deformity can be a result of inbreeding or parental exposure to pesticides or poisons.

Check this out at
Connecticut Post

Bee Stings

Spring and Summer are the most common times for bee stings. The flowers out which mean the bees are out. Bee and wasp stings can be very dangerous to out pets.

Signs of a sting:
• Swelling around face and muzzle
• Swollen foot or sore paw
• Breathing problems

If your pet experiences any of these symptoms, seek veterinary attention immediately.

Prevention:
• Keep grass short
• Remove any unwanted weeds with flowers
• Remove bright-coloured objects or old bones in the yard as insects tend to hang around them
• If you see a bee or wasp, call your pet away

Diabetes in cats

Diabetes is well recognised in cats. Genetics, diet and breed play a role in the disease. In Australia and the UK, the Burmese breed are at higher risk of developing diabetes.

Obesity is also a major risk factor.

Symptoms that you may see in a diabetic cat are an increase in appetite, thirst and urination, sometimes combined with weight loss.

Diabetic cats are managed in a similar way to humans with diabetes. In most cases we need to give insulin injections to affected cats. Feeding a recommended high protein and low carbohydrate diet is also extremely important in controlling the disease.

Cats can experience diabetic remission, particularly if well controlled with insulin and on the appropriate diet.

Allergies

Allergies are one of the most common problems in dogs with inhaled allergens, food and fleas being the top causes. When pets breathe in allergens such as pollens, they can develop itchy and irritated skin. Allergic pets generally show signs around 6-7 months and fully develop signs by 3-5 years. It can be seasonal or it can be all year round.

Signs of allergies in pets:
• Chewing of feet
• Discoloration of fur on feet (saliva staining)
• Hair loss
• Hot and reddened skin around face, feet, armpits and groin
• Scabby skin

If you suspect allergies, your veterinarian can run a simple blood test to determine what is causing your pet to itch.

How to Help the Australian Wildlife

Unfortunately, it is all too common to come across injured wildlife. With natural disasters such as flooding and fires, our wildlife must flee from their homes.

Here is a list of wildlife hotlines for you to call when you come across an injured wildlife:
NSW 13000 WIRES or 1300 094 737
VIC: 1300 WILDLIFE (1300 9453 5433)
ACT 132 281 or RSPCA Wildlife - (02) 62878100
NT Wildcare - (08) 8988 6121
QLD (07) 5527 2444
SA Fauna Rescue - (08) 8289 0896
TAS (03) 6233 6556
WA Wildcare - (08) 9334 0333

When handling wildlife:
• Approach the animal slowly
• Gently cover them with a towel or blanket to calm it down
• Do not attempt to feed it

For more information go to or
Wildlife Victoria or Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service

Is Bad Breath Normal?

Healthy pets should have normal fresh breath. Bad breath can be a sign of a serious dental disease or health problems. The American Veterinary Dental Society reports 70% of cats and 80% of dogs show signs of dental disease by age 3 years.

It's important to have your pets teeth examined by a veterinarian every year. You can help prevent dental problems by brushing your pets teeth regularly. Ask your veterinarian to discuss preventive options for your pet.

Tips on Training Your Dog to Relax

If your having trouble training your dog to “stay” or “wait”, consider the word “relax”.

It’s an important command that can come in handy for situations such as:
- when you are using potentially harmful cleaning agents,
- when there is broken glass or nails in the area,
- when there are small children around.

Sit your dog calmly in one place and calmly say “relax”. Any slight movements should be followed with a firm “uh-uh”. Gently hold your dog in place repeating the word calmly “relax” and after a few seconds, release and say “ok”.

Practice every day giving your dog positive reinforcement such as a pet or a treat.

Salmonellosis

Salmonella is a bacteria that can cause gastrointestinal infections in people (Salmonellosis). Clinical signs include diarrhoea, abdominal cramps and fever and cast last up to 4-7 days. It is usually contracted through the ingestion of food contaminated with animal feces. Birds and reptiles (such as turtles, snakes and lizards) naturally carry salmonella and therefore should be handled with care.

Illness can be prevented with simple hygiene practice:
1. Wash hands with soap before eating;
2. Cook all meat;
3. Do not use raw eggs;
4. Wash kitchen surfaces and utensils with detergent;
5. Wash hands after handling reptiles or birds especially after coming into contact with their droppings

Further details about Salmonellosis at CDC

Poisonous Pet Foods

Care must be taken when feeding pets from our kitchen. Certain food items can be poisonous to our pets. When giving treats, always given in moderation and avoid high fat and high sugar foods. The following is a list of foods that can be poisonous to our pets:
Alcohol
Caffeine
Chocolate
Garlic
Grapes
Onion
Raisins
Tomato leaves or stems

This is not the full list. For further details, check out http://webvet.com

Pet Food Recalls

Since the major pet food recall in 2007, there has been heightened public awareness of pet food safety. In 2007 there was a global recall of many dog and cat food brands due to melamine contamination being linked to kidney failure in pets. In 2008, peanuts were under scrutiny for the salmonella contamination.

It’s no wonder that our natural instinct would be to blame food companies and seek home made diets. However, special care is required in order to ensure safe food handling at home. No matter what food you give to your pets, you should consult your local veterinarian to make sure that the diet is fully balanced and safe for your pet.

It’s important that we are all aware of the current food safety issues and that we monitor our pets closely. Any problems experienced with a particular food or product should be reported immediately by seeking veterinary attention.

The AVMA and the FDA provide regular updates on food recalls.

FDA Peanut Butter Recall List (USA only)
www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/peanutbutterrecall/index.cfm

What is Stem Cell Therapy?

Stem cell therapy is one of the hottest topics in veterinary medicine. It is the practice of retrieving stem cells (young cells that can develop into any tissue cell i.e. heart, cartilage, muscle, ligament, bone) from an animal’s fat sample and injecting it into the same animal’s injured site. In theory, these stem cells develop into healthy tissue by way of reacting to environmental signals. Anecdotal successes have been reported throughout the world in the treatment of horses and dogs with tendon and ligament injuries and arthritis.